With all the buzz around Black Elderberry, you might be wondering what it’s all about. Many people are asking the same thing. Black Elderberry is a powerful berry that supports your immune system, especially against viruses. It has been used for thousands of years by Native Americans and ancient Egyptians, proving its lasting value. It may also help reduce pain and inflammation, improve digestion, clear mucus, support healthy blood sugar, protect the skin from UV damage, and lower uric acid levels. Above all, Black Elderberry is widely regarded for its antiviral properties and its role in enhancing immune function.

In this article, we will explore the medicinal qualities of Black Elderberry and its impact on health and wellness.

The Black Elderberry is a small, dark purple fruit from the Sambucus nigra shrub, native to Europe and different from the American Elder. Traditionally, the Black Elderberry was believed to ward off evil spirits and treat a variety of health issues, including colds, flu, respiratory ailments, burns, wrinkles, and acne. Today, it is often used in pies, jellies, jams, wine, and medicine in Europe.

These small berries offer big benefits. The Black Elderberry helps the immune system and naturally contains vitamins C, E, and A. It also contains more antioxidants, which help fight free radicals, than cranberries, blueberries, or pomegranates. In the United States, the Black Elderberry is increasingly recognized as a “superfruit” and valued for its potential health benefits.

Black Elderberry (Sambucus nigra) is a nutritionally valuable plant known for its rich color, high antioxidant activity, and notable mineral content. Current research highlights the fruits and inflorescences as significant sources of phenolic compounds, vitamin C, and minerals.

Black Elderberries contain the following essential vitamins and minerals:

Black Elderberries are a good natural source of vitamin C, with about 30–36 mg per 100 grams, which is about 40% of the recommended daily intake. Vitamin C is a strong antioxidant that helps keep your immune system healthy, supports your skin, and helps your body make collagen. They also contain small amounts of vitamin A precursors, such as beta-carotene, which support eye and skin health. They also provide B vitamins like B1 (thiamine), B2 (riboflavin), B6 (pyridoxine), and folate, which help your body produce energy and make red blood cells.

Elderberries contain potassium (about 280 mg per 100 grams), which helps your body balance fluids, send nerve signals, and keep muscles working properly. Trace amounts of calcium, magnesium, iron, and phosphorus contribute to bone health, oxygen transport, and enzymatic reactions.

One of the key nutritional highlights of black elderberries is their rich content of antioxidants, particularly anthocyanins. These pigments give elderberries their characteristic deep purple-black color and have been studied for their anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and immune-boosting properties. The main anthocyanins are cyanidin-3-glucoside and cyanidin-3-sambubioside. Elderberries also contain flavonols such as quercetin and kaempferol, and phenolic acids like chlorogenic acid, all contributing to reducing oxidative stress in the body.

Black Elderberry has long been used to combat respiratory infections such as colds and flu. Its beneficial effects may be due to immune-enhancing properties rather than just its direct antiviral activity. The water-based extracts (like EC15 and its polysaccharide-rich fractions CPS, BOUND, and UNBOUND) strongly supported immune function. They helped mature dendritic cells, activated T cells, and increased key immune signals (IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ). In contrast, the alcohol-based extract (EE25), high in anthocyanins, had little immune effect. The study (2022) suggests that the immune effects come mainly from polysaccharides found in water extracts, not anthocyanins alone. While both compounds might work together, the results highlight that water-extracted elderberry products rich in polysaccharides may be more effective at strengthening the immune system and protecting against viruses. [13]

In a study on the antiviral effects of different plants, black elderberries were shown to work against several viruses [10].

The effects of Sambucus nigra (Black Elderberries) on the flu virus have been the most widely studied. Black Elderberry flavonoids can help stop the flu virus by blocking it from entering human cells. They also prevent infection by clumping the virus together (agglutination) and stopping it from attaching to cells. Certain compounds, like tetra-O-methylquercetin, inhibit H1N1 by binding to the virus [1].

Sambucus nigra (Black Elderberry) fruits may help prevent the flu by stopping the virus from attaching to cells in the body [12]. Studies have shown that elderberry extract may boost the immune system by enhancing cytokine production. Torabian et al. [15] reported increased expression of IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α, highlighting its immunomodulatory effects.

Black Elderberry (Sambucus nigra) polyphenols have shown antiviral activity against human coronaviruses in lab studies [16]. In 2020, elderberry flavonoids were suggested as potential compounds for SARS-CoV-2 treatment [17].

A 2021 study by Boroduske et al. [3] found that elderberry extracts from northeastern Europe may help block the virus that causes COVID-19 from attaching to human cells. Wild elderberries showed stronger effects than cultivated types, suggesting potential for future antiviral applications.

Kaempferol and quercetin flavonoids from elderberries have been shown to exhibit antiviral activity against HSV-1 [2].

Quercetin inhibits Helicobacter pylori infection. Although its low bioavailability limits effectiveness in vivo, new delivery methods like prodrugs, phytosomes, and nanotechnology are improving flavonoid-based therapies against H. pylori [6].

Flavans, especially epicatechin from elderberries, have shown strong inhibition of HIV-1, HIV-2, and SIV by irreversibly binding to the viral gp120 protein, blocking infection [5].

Harnet et al. [7] looked at five studies with 936 adults and found that Sambucus nigra preparations (extracts or lozenges) can reduce the duration and severity of respiratory viral infections, including influenza-like symptoms, when taken within 48 hours of onset. Symptoms such as fever, headache, and nasal congestion improved by about 50% within 2–4 days of treatment. However, evidence on cough relief is inconsistent. Adverse events were rare and less common than in control groups. There is currently insufficient evidence to recommend elderberry use in pregnant or lactating women.

Lifestyle factors such as diet, nutrition, and physical activity play a major role in cancer risk. It is estimated that up to half of some cancers can be prevented, especially by eating healthy [9]. Elderberries contain high levels of anthocyanins, which are believed to help prevent cancers of the throat, esophagus, stomach, and colon. Anthocyanins act as antioxidants and may block angiogenesis, the process by which tumors grow new blood vessels to support their growth. Although anthocyanins are not easily absorbed in the body, a large amount reaches the colon, which might explain their protective effect against gastrointestinal cancers. There is also some potential for anticancer effects in breast and prostate cancers, but the exact ways this works are not yet fully understood.

Black Elderberries also help regulate metabolic problems, especially supporting weight loss. This effect is mainly due to their high content of anthocyanins and proanthocyanins [4].

Black Elderberries should be harvested only when fully ripe—deep black and sweet—typically from late August through September. To preserve their nutrients, they must be processed quickly. If not frozen immediately, refrigerate and use within 48 hours. For long-term storage, one study showed that berries transported on ice and frozen at −80 °C retained their bioactive compounds best [11]. They were later lyophilized at −50 °C and 0.04 mbar, then dried at −65 °C and 0.0054 mbar. At home, Elderberries can be dried at ~40 °C until raisin-like and stored in paper bags in a cool, dark place [14]. Always cook before consuming to remove toxic compounds.

Black Elderberry can be consumed in various forms depending on individual preferences and health goals [18]. The most common preparations include:

• Black Elderberry Syrup: This is a popular and easy choice that you can add to drinks like water, tea, or smoothies. It also pairs well drizzled over yogurt, oatmeal, or desserts for a delicious twist.
• Black Elderberry Tea: Enjoy a soothing cup by steeping black elderberry tea bags or dried elderberries in hot water for a few minutes. Add a splash of lemon juice or a bit of honey to improve the flavor.
• Black Elderberry Extract: Available in liquid or capsule form, this concentrated extract should be taken according to the dosage instructions on the product label. You can drink it plain or mix it with water or juice.
• Black Elderberry Jam or Jelly: Get creative in the kitchen by making your jam or jelly. Spread it on toast, biscuits, or use it in baked goods for a tasty and nutritious treat.
• Black Elderberry Smoothies: Blend black elderberries with your favorite fruits, leafy greens, and a liquid of your choice such as almond milk or coconut water for a refreshing, nutrient-packed smoothie.
• Black Elderberry Infused Oil: Infuse elderberries into carrier oils such as olive or coconut oil to create a natural skincare or massage oil. Apply it topically to nourish and hydrate the skin.
• Black Elderberry Supplements: For convenience, you can opt for supplements in capsule or tablet form. Always use the amount suggested on the label or ask a doctor if you’re not sure.
• Black Elderberry Tincture
• Make Your Own Elderberry Tincture

Commercial elderberry products, such as those from Sambucol, are tested for purity and consistency, making them a reliable choice for daily immune support.

Taking the right amount of elderberry is important to make sure it works well and stays safe. Below are the general dosage guidelines based on age and product type. Be sure to read and follow the directions on the product label [8].

• Syrup (Daily Use): 2 teaspoons (10 mL) per day
• Syrup (Intensive Use): 2 teaspoons (10 mL), up to 4 times per day
• Gummies: 1–2 gummies per day

• Syrup (Ages 2–3): 1 teaspoon (5 mL) once a day
• Syrup (Ages 4–12): 2 teaspoons (10 mL) per day
• Intensive Use (2–3 Years): 1 teaspoon, 4 times per day
• Intensive Use (4–12 Years): 2 teaspoons, 4 times a day
• Gummies (Ages 3+): 1 gummy per day

Black Elderberry has shown potential health benefits, but there are also important safety considerations:

• Toxic Parts of the Plant: Raw or unripe elderberries, as well as other parts of the elder tree (leaves, bark, stems, roots, seeds, and twigs), contain cyanogenic glycosides. These substances can produce cyanide, which is a strong poison. Consumption may lead to symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dizziness, weakness, or more severe poisoning in larger amounts.
• Lectins and Gastrointestinal Distress: The bark, seeds, and unripe berries contain lectins, which can cause stomach discomfort and gastrointestinal issues if consumed in large quantities.
• Cooking Neutralizes Toxins: The toxins found in elderberries can be eliminated by cooking. Commercially prepared and properly cooked elderberry products are considered safe and have not been linked to fatalities.
• Adverse Reactions: Some people may experience allergic reactions to elderberry, such as rashes or breathing difficulties. People with weak immune systems might be more sensitive to elderberry.

• Pregnant or Breastfeeding Women: Elderberry is not recommended, as its safety has not been established in these groups.
• Children and Adolescents: Not advised for individuals under 18 due to a lack of safety data.
• Individuals Taking Diuretics: Elderberry has diuretic properties and may amplify the effects of medications that increase urination.
• Wild Elderberry Caution: If collecting elderberries or flowers yourself, be sure to properly identify the plant as American or European elderberry. Other varieties may contain higher levels of toxins. Always take off the bark, stems, and leaves before preparing.

Talk to your healthcare provider before using elderberry, especially if you take medications or have a health condition. Elderberry may interact with certain drugs and should not be used without guidance.

Importantly, elderberry should not be used as a substitute for vaccines, medications, or other evidence-based treatments, especially for COVID-19. There is insufficient scientific evidence to confirm elderberry’s effectiveness in preventing or treating viral infections like COVID-19.

Working together with your healthcare team allows for informed and shared decision-making, supporting the safe use of herbal products as part of your wellness plan.

Conclusion

Black Elderberry is a versatile and nutrient-rich superfood known for its wide range of health benefits. Backed by traditional use and modern research, it supports respiratory health, reduces inflammation, and may aid in managing metabolic dysfunctions and certain viral infections. Incorporating black elderberry into your diet or supplement routine is a simple yet effective way to improve overall well-being. Be sure to choose high-quality products and consult a healthcare professional if you have any health concerns or underlying conditions.

 

1. Akram, Muhammad, et al. “Antiviral Potential of Medicinal Plants against HIV, HSV, Influenza, Hepatitis, and Coxsackievirus: A Systematic Review.” Phytotherapy Research, vol. 32, no. 5, 2018, pp. 811–822.
2. Amoros, M., et al. “Synergistic Effect of Flavones and Flavonols against Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 in Cell Culture. Comparison with the Antiviral Activity of Propolis.” Journal of Natural Products, vol. 55, no. 12, 1992, pp. 1732–1740.
3. Boroduske, A., et al. “Wild Sambucus nigra L. from North-East Edge of the Species Range: A Valuable Germplasm with Inhibitory Capacity against SARS-CoV2 S-Protein RBD and hACE2 Binding In Vitro.” Industrial Crops and Products, vol. 165, 2021, 113438.

4. Chrubasik, Cosima, et al. “An Observational Study and Quantification of the Actives in a Supplement with Sambucus nigra and Asparagus officinalis Used for Weight Reduction.” Phytotherapy Research, vol. 22, no. 7, 2008, pp. 913–918.

5. Girbés, T., et al. “A Non-Toxic Two-Chain Ribosome-Inactivating Protein Co-Exists with a Structure-Related Monomeric Lectin (SNA III) in Elder (Sambucus nigra) Fruits.” Biochemical Journal, vol. 315, pt. 1, 1996, pp. 343–347.

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1217193/

6. González-Segovia, Rodolfo, et al. “Effect of the Flavonoid Quercetin on Inflammation and Lipid Peroxidation Induced by Helicobacter pylori in Gastric Mucosa of Guinea Pig.” Journal of Gastroenterology, vol. 43, 2008, pp. 441–447.

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00535-008-2184-7

7. Harnett, Joanna, et al. “The Effects of Sambucus nigra Berry on Acute Respiratory Viral Infections: A Rapid Review of Clinical Studies.” Advances in Integrative Medicine, vol. 7, no. 4, 2020, pp. 240–246.
8. “Is It Safe to Take Elderberry Every Day?” Sambucol USA, 9 Feb. 2021,

https://sambucolusa.com/blogs/news/can-you-take-elderberry-every-day?srsltid=AfmBOorY4F_MjFcGTP5DOuXEZOvmVhcsB4JbDsB2bBm0Ivoxfd4Pr-bv

9. May, Stephanie, Connor Parry, and Lee Parry. “Berry Chemoprevention: Do Berries Decrease the Window of Opportunity for Tumorigenesis?” Food Frontiers, vol. 1, no. 3, 2020, pp. 260–275.

10. Mocanu, Mirela Lăcrămioara, and Sonia Amariei. “Elderberries—A Source of Bioactive Compounds with Antiviral Action.” Plants, vol. 11, no. 6, 2022, 740.

https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/11/6/740?ref=okdoomer.io

11. Pascariu, Oana-Elena, and Florentina Israel-Roming. “Bioactive Compounds from Elderberry: Extraction, Health Benefits, and Food Applications.” Processes, vol. 10, no. 11, 2022, 2288.

https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/10/11/2288

12. Rogers, Gary N., et al. “Single Amino Acid Substitutions in Influenza Haemagglutinin Change Receptor Binding Specificity.” Nature, vol. 304, no. 5921, 1983, pp. 76–78.

https://www.nature.com/articles/304076a0

13. Stich, Lena, et al. “Polysaccharides from European Black Elderberry Extract Enhance Dendritic Cell Mediated T Cell Immune Responses.” International Journal of Molecular Sciences, vol. 23, no. 7, 2022, 3949.

https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/7/3949

14. Tejero, Jesús, et al. “Elderberries: A Source of Ribosome-Inactivating Proteins with Lectin Activity.” Molecules, vol. 20, no. 2, 2015, pp. 2364–2387.

https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/20/2/2364

15. Torabian, Golnoosh, et al. “Anti-Influenza Activity of Elderberry (Sambucus nigra).” Journal of Functional Foods, vol. 54, 2019, pp. 353–360.

16. Weng, Jing-Ru, et al. “Antiviral Activity of Sambucus Formosana Nakai Ethanol Extract and Related Phenolic Acid Constituents against Human Coronavirus NL63.” Virus Research, vol. 273, 2019, 197767.

17. Wyganowska-Świątkowska, M., et al. “Influence of Herbal Medicines on HMGB1 Release, SARS-CoV-2 Viral Attachment, Acute Respiratory Failure, and Sepsis: A Literature Review.” International Journal of Molecular Sciences, vol. 21, 2020, 4639.

https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/21/13/4639

18. “What Are the Benefits of Black Elderberry?” Kennedy’s Pharmacy.

https://kennedyspharmacy.com/blogs/news/black-elderberry-benefits?srsltid=AfmBOooci9LEqtFmEyBPBy0VCUZ0R-yiipRscO07FfWYrKfSYz9Fz0kb